Encuadres y reencuadres de los disturbios en LA en 1992: Un estudio de las minorías desde los encuadres de Los Angeles Times y sus lectores
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26441/RC16.2-2017-A6Palabras clave:
periodismo, reportajes, encuadres, minorías étnicas, audienciaResumen
Utilizando marcos teóricos como el encuadre de los medios de comunicación y la esfera pública (Habermas, 1989), este artículo examinó cómo el periódico Los Ángeles Times enmarca cuestiones sobre las comunidades minoritarias antes, durante y después de los disturbios de 1992 en la ciudad de Los Ángeles. Además, el estudio analizó el discurso de la audiencia (cartas al editor) en el mismo período de tiempo para examinar cómo se comparan los marcos en la cobertura de noticias con el encuadre de la audiencia. Los resultados muestran que en los meses después de los disturbios, el periódico alteró significativamente su cobertura de una manera que hacía juego con el encuadre de sus lectores. Los hallazgos fueron discutidos a la luz de la relación de comunicación de masas con la sociedad, en especial por el encuadre para la representación de minorías.
Métricas
Cargando métricas ...
Citas
Ban, H., & Adams, R. C. (1997). L.A. Times coverage of Korean Americans before, after 1992 riots. Newspaper Research Journal, 18(3/4), 64-78.
Bastos, M. T. (2011). Public opinion revisited: The propagation of public opinion in digital networks. Journal of Arab & Muslim Media Research, 4(2 & 3), 185-201.
Beauregard, R. A. (2003). Voices of decline: The postwar fate of US cities. New York and London: Routledge.
Benkler, Y. (2006). The wealth of networks: How social production transforms markets and freedom. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Blay, Z. (2017, April 26). Police brutality set off the L.A. Riots 25 years ago. We've learned nothing since., Huffington Post. Retrieved from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/police-brutality-set-off-the-la-riots-25-years-ago-weve-learned-nothing-since_us_58fe569ce4b018a9ce5dc06c
Bruns, A. (2005). Gatewatching: Collaborative online news production. New York: Peter Lang Publishing.
Carey, J. (1989). Communication as culture: Essays on media and society. New York: Routledge.
Chang, E. T., & Diaz-Veizades, J. (1999). Ethnics peace in American city: Building community in Los Angeles and beyond. New York: NYU Press.
Cheung, K. K. (2005). (Mis) interpretations and (in) justice: The 1992 Los Angeles "Riots" and "black-Korean conflict". Melus, 30(3), 3-40.
Cho, S. K. (1993). Korean Americans vs. African Americans: conflict and contsruction. In R. Gooding-Williams (Ed.), Reading Rodney King, reading urban uprising (pp. 196-211). New York: Routledge.
Compton, J. R. (2004). The integrated news spectacle: A political economy of cultural performance. New York: Peter Lang.
Corbett, E. P. J. (1969). Introduction. In E. P. J. Corbett (Ed.), Rhetorical analyses of literary works. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Curran, J. (2005). What democracy requires of the media. In G. Overholser & K. H. Jamieson (Eds.), The Press (pp. 120-140). New York: Oxford University Press.
Dahlgren, P., & Sparks, C. (1991). Communication and citizenship: Journalism and the public sphere in the new media age. London; New York: Routledge.
Davis, M. (1990). City of quartz: Excavating the future in Los Angeles. London: Verson.
Davis, W. (1993). The untold story of the LA riot. U. S. News & World Report, 114(21), 34-47.
Doctor, K. (2010). Newsonomics. New York: St. Martin's Press.
Domingo, D. (2011). Managing audience participation: Practices, workflows and strategies. In J. B. Singer (Ed.), Participatory journalism: Guarding open gates at online newspapers (pp. 76-94). Chicester, United Kingdom: Whiley-Blackwell.
Edelman, M. (1988). Constructing the political spectacle. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Entman, R. M. (1991). Symposium framing US coverage of international news: Contrasts in narratives of the KAL and Iran Air incidents. Journal of Communication, 41(4), 6-27.
Entman, R. M. (1993). Framing: Toward a clarification of a fractured paradigm. Journal of Communication, 43(4), 51-58.
Entman, R. M. (2007). Framing bias: Media in the distribution of power. Journal of Communication, 57(1), 163-173.
Gamson, W. A. (1992). Talking Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Goffman, E. (1974). Framing analysis: An essay on the organization of experience. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Gray, A. (1999). Audience and reception research in retrospect: The trouble with audiences. In P. Alasuutari (Ed.), Rethinking the media audience (pp. 22-37). London: Sage.
Gunnell, J. G. (2011). Democracy and the concept of public opinion. In G. C. Edwards, L. R. Jacobs & R. Y. Shapiro (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of American public opinion and the media. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Haas, T. (2007). The emergence of public journalism The pursuit of public journalism: Theory, practice, and criticism(pp. 1-23). Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge.
Haas, T., & Steiner, L. (2003). A public philosophy for public journalism. In J. Harper & T. Yantek (Eds.), Media, profit, and politics (pp. 33-52). Kent, OH: Kent University Press.
Habermas, J. (1989). The structural transformation of the public sphere: An inquiry into a category of bourgeois society. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Hall, S. (2006). Encoding/Decoding. In D. H. Stuart Hall, Andrew Lowe, Paul Willis (Ed.), Culture, Media, Language(pp. 128-138). Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge.
Hargittai, E., & Hsieh, Y.-l. P. (2010). Predictors and consequences of differentiated social network usage. Information, Communication and Society, 13(4), 515-536.
Harper, C. (1998). And that's the way it will be: News and information in a digital world. New York: New York University Press.
Herbert, J. (2000). Journalism in the digital age: Theory and practice for broadcast, print and online media. Woburn, MA: Focal Press.
Hermida, A. (2011). Mechanisms of participation: How audience options shape the conversation. In J. B. Singer (Ed.), Participatory journalism: Guarding open gates at online newspapers (pp. 13-33). Chichester, United Kingdom: Whiley-Blackwell.
Hermida, A., Fletcher, F., Korell, D., & Logan, D. (2012). Share, like, recommend. Journalism Studies, 13(5/6), 815-824.
Holub, R. (1991). Jurgen Habermas: Critic in the public sphere. London: Routledge.
HQR. (2017, April 30). The Los Angeles Riots, race and journalism, HQR. Retrieved from http://whqr.org/post/los-angeles-riots-race-and-journalism#stream/0
Hu, A. (1992). Us and them. The New Republic, 206(22), 12-14.
Jerit, J. (2008). Issue framing and engagement: Rhetorical strategy in public policy debates. Political Behavior, 30, 1-24.
Kennedy, L. (2000). Race and urban space in contemporary American culture. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Kim, R. M. (2012). Violence and trauma as constitutive elements in Korean American racial identity information: The 1992 LA riots/insurrection/saigu. Ethnic and racial studies, 35(11), 1999-2018.
Kuypers, J. A. (2009). Framing analysis. In J. A. Kuypers (Ed.), Rhetorical criticism: Perspectives in action (pp. 181-203). Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.
Kwon, H., & Lee, C. (2009). Korean American History. Los Angeles: Korean Education Center.
Lambeth, E. B. (1998). Public journalism as a democratic practice. In E. B. Lambeth, P. E. Meyer & E. Thorson (Eds.), Accessing public journalism. Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press.
Lee, Y., & Park, K. (2008). Negotiating hybridity: Transnational reconstruction of migrant subjectivity in Koreatown, LA. Journal of Cultural Geography, 245-262.
Livingstone, S. (1991). Audience reception: The role of the viewer in retelling romantic drama. In J. Curran & M. Gurevitch (Eds.), Mass media and soceity. London: Hodder Arnold.
Macek, S. (2006). Urban nightmares: The media, the right, and the moral panic over the city. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
Martinez, T. A. (1997). Popular culture as oppositional cuture: Rap resistance. Sociological Perspectives, 40(2), 265-286.
McNair, B. (2000). Journalism and democracy: An evaluation of the political public sphere. London; New York: Routledge.
McQuail, D. (2010). McQuail's mass communication theory (6th ed.). New York: Sage.
Morley, D. (1980). The 'Nationwide' audience: Structure and decoding. London: BFI.
Morley, D. (1992). The 'Nationwide' audience: Structure and decoding. London: BFI.
Neuendorf, K. A. (2002). The content analysis guidebook. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Papacharissi, Z. (2009). The Citizen is the Message: Alternative Modes of Civic Engagement. In Z. Papacharissi (Ed.), Journalism and Citizenship (pp. 29-43). New York: Routledge.
Park, G. (2010). Becoming a "Model Minority": Acquisition, construction and enactment of American identity for Korean imigrant students. Urban Rev., 2011(1), 620-635.
Reese, S. D., Gandy, O. H., & Grant, A. E. (2001). Framing public life: Perspectives on media and our understanding of the social world. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Rendall, S. (2007). A poverty of coverage. Extra!, 20, 8.
Riffe, D., Lacy, S., & Fico, F. (1998). Analyzing media messages: Using quantitative content analysis. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Shoemaker, P., & Vos, T. (2009). Gatekeeping theory. Routledge.
Sicha, C. (2009). A graphic history of newspaper circulation over the last two decades, The AWL. Retrieved from http://www.theawl.com/2009/10/a-graphic-history-of-newspaper-circulation-over-the-last-two-decades
Stevenson, B. (2004). Latasha Harlins, Sunja Du and Joyce Karlin: A case study of multicultural female violence and justice on the urban frontier. Journal of African American History, 89(2), 152-176.
Teitelbaum, M. S. (2017, May 11). Europe's migration dilemmas, Foreign Affairs. Retrieved from https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/europe/2017-05-11/europe-s-migration-dilemmas
Tewksbury, D., & Scheufele, D. (2009). News framing theory and research. In J. Bryant & M. Oliver (Eds.), Media effects: Advances in theory and research. New York: Routledge.
Valenzuela, S., & McCombs, M. (2008). The Agenda-setting role of the news media. In M. B. Salwen & D. W. Stacks (Eds.), An integrated approach to communication theory and research (pp. 90-105). New York: Routledge.
Van Dijk, T. (1991). The interdisciplinary study of news as discourse. In K. B. Jensen & N. W. Jankowski (Eds.), A handbook of qualitative methodologies. New York: Routledge.
West, E. J. (2016). Black celebrity, racial politics, and the press: Framing dissent. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 93(3), 686-688. doi: 10.1177/1077699016659075d
Wilson, D. (2005). Inventing black-on-black violence: Discourse, space, and representation. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University press.
Worsley, S. M. (2010). Audience, agency and identity in Black popular culture. New York: Routledge.
Zelizer, B. (2005). Definitions of journalism. In G. Overholser & K. H. Jamieson (Eds.), The press (pp. 66-80). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Bastos, M. T. (2011). Public opinion revisited: The propagation of public opinion in digital networks. Journal of Arab & Muslim Media Research, 4(2 & 3), 185-201.
Beauregard, R. A. (2003). Voices of decline: The postwar fate of US cities. New York and London: Routledge.
Benkler, Y. (2006). The wealth of networks: How social production transforms markets and freedom. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Blay, Z. (2017, April 26). Police brutality set off the L.A. Riots 25 years ago. We've learned nothing since., Huffington Post. Retrieved from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/police-brutality-set-off-the-la-riots-25-years-ago-weve-learned-nothing-since_us_58fe569ce4b018a9ce5dc06c
Bruns, A. (2005). Gatewatching: Collaborative online news production. New York: Peter Lang Publishing.
Carey, J. (1989). Communication as culture: Essays on media and society. New York: Routledge.
Chang, E. T., & Diaz-Veizades, J. (1999). Ethnics peace in American city: Building community in Los Angeles and beyond. New York: NYU Press.
Cheung, K. K. (2005). (Mis) interpretations and (in) justice: The 1992 Los Angeles "Riots" and "black-Korean conflict". Melus, 30(3), 3-40.
Cho, S. K. (1993). Korean Americans vs. African Americans: conflict and contsruction. In R. Gooding-Williams (Ed.), Reading Rodney King, reading urban uprising (pp. 196-211). New York: Routledge.
Compton, J. R. (2004). The integrated news spectacle: A political economy of cultural performance. New York: Peter Lang.
Corbett, E. P. J. (1969). Introduction. In E. P. J. Corbett (Ed.), Rhetorical analyses of literary works. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Curran, J. (2005). What democracy requires of the media. In G. Overholser & K. H. Jamieson (Eds.), The Press (pp. 120-140). New York: Oxford University Press.
Dahlgren, P., & Sparks, C. (1991). Communication and citizenship: Journalism and the public sphere in the new media age. London; New York: Routledge.
Davis, M. (1990). City of quartz: Excavating the future in Los Angeles. London: Verson.
Davis, W. (1993). The untold story of the LA riot. U. S. News & World Report, 114(21), 34-47.
Doctor, K. (2010). Newsonomics. New York: St. Martin's Press.
Domingo, D. (2011). Managing audience participation: Practices, workflows and strategies. In J. B. Singer (Ed.), Participatory journalism: Guarding open gates at online newspapers (pp. 76-94). Chicester, United Kingdom: Whiley-Blackwell.
Edelman, M. (1988). Constructing the political spectacle. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Entman, R. M. (1991). Symposium framing US coverage of international news: Contrasts in narratives of the KAL and Iran Air incidents. Journal of Communication, 41(4), 6-27.
Entman, R. M. (1993). Framing: Toward a clarification of a fractured paradigm. Journal of Communication, 43(4), 51-58.
Entman, R. M. (2007). Framing bias: Media in the distribution of power. Journal of Communication, 57(1), 163-173.
Gamson, W. A. (1992). Talking Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Goffman, E. (1974). Framing analysis: An essay on the organization of experience. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Gray, A. (1999). Audience and reception research in retrospect: The trouble with audiences. In P. Alasuutari (Ed.), Rethinking the media audience (pp. 22-37). London: Sage.
Gunnell, J. G. (2011). Democracy and the concept of public opinion. In G. C. Edwards, L. R. Jacobs & R. Y. Shapiro (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of American public opinion and the media. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Haas, T. (2007). The emergence of public journalism The pursuit of public journalism: Theory, practice, and criticism(pp. 1-23). Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge.
Haas, T., & Steiner, L. (2003). A public philosophy for public journalism. In J. Harper & T. Yantek (Eds.), Media, profit, and politics (pp. 33-52). Kent, OH: Kent University Press.
Habermas, J. (1989). The structural transformation of the public sphere: An inquiry into a category of bourgeois society. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Hall, S. (2006). Encoding/Decoding. In D. H. Stuart Hall, Andrew Lowe, Paul Willis (Ed.), Culture, Media, Language(pp. 128-138). Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge.
Hargittai, E., & Hsieh, Y.-l. P. (2010). Predictors and consequences of differentiated social network usage. Information, Communication and Society, 13(4), 515-536.
Harper, C. (1998). And that's the way it will be: News and information in a digital world. New York: New York University Press.
Herbert, J. (2000). Journalism in the digital age: Theory and practice for broadcast, print and online media. Woburn, MA: Focal Press.
Hermida, A. (2011). Mechanisms of participation: How audience options shape the conversation. In J. B. Singer (Ed.), Participatory journalism: Guarding open gates at online newspapers (pp. 13-33). Chichester, United Kingdom: Whiley-Blackwell.
Hermida, A., Fletcher, F., Korell, D., & Logan, D. (2012). Share, like, recommend. Journalism Studies, 13(5/6), 815-824.
Holub, R. (1991). Jurgen Habermas: Critic in the public sphere. London: Routledge.
HQR. (2017, April 30). The Los Angeles Riots, race and journalism, HQR. Retrieved from http://whqr.org/post/los-angeles-riots-race-and-journalism#stream/0
Hu, A. (1992). Us and them. The New Republic, 206(22), 12-14.
Jerit, J. (2008). Issue framing and engagement: Rhetorical strategy in public policy debates. Political Behavior, 30, 1-24.
Kennedy, L. (2000). Race and urban space in contemporary American culture. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Kim, R. M. (2012). Violence and trauma as constitutive elements in Korean American racial identity information: The 1992 LA riots/insurrection/saigu. Ethnic and racial studies, 35(11), 1999-2018.
Kuypers, J. A. (2009). Framing analysis. In J. A. Kuypers (Ed.), Rhetorical criticism: Perspectives in action (pp. 181-203). Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.
Kwon, H., & Lee, C. (2009). Korean American History. Los Angeles: Korean Education Center.
Lambeth, E. B. (1998). Public journalism as a democratic practice. In E. B. Lambeth, P. E. Meyer & E. Thorson (Eds.), Accessing public journalism. Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press.
Lee, Y., & Park, K. (2008). Negotiating hybridity: Transnational reconstruction of migrant subjectivity in Koreatown, LA. Journal of Cultural Geography, 245-262.
Livingstone, S. (1991). Audience reception: The role of the viewer in retelling romantic drama. In J. Curran & M. Gurevitch (Eds.), Mass media and soceity. London: Hodder Arnold.
Macek, S. (2006). Urban nightmares: The media, the right, and the moral panic over the city. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
Martinez, T. A. (1997). Popular culture as oppositional cuture: Rap resistance. Sociological Perspectives, 40(2), 265-286.
McNair, B. (2000). Journalism and democracy: An evaluation of the political public sphere. London; New York: Routledge.
McQuail, D. (2010). McQuail's mass communication theory (6th ed.). New York: Sage.
Morley, D. (1980). The 'Nationwide' audience: Structure and decoding. London: BFI.
Morley, D. (1992). The 'Nationwide' audience: Structure and decoding. London: BFI.
Neuendorf, K. A. (2002). The content analysis guidebook. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Papacharissi, Z. (2009). The Citizen is the Message: Alternative Modes of Civic Engagement. In Z. Papacharissi (Ed.), Journalism and Citizenship (pp. 29-43). New York: Routledge.
Park, G. (2010). Becoming a "Model Minority": Acquisition, construction and enactment of American identity for Korean imigrant students. Urban Rev., 2011(1), 620-635.
Reese, S. D., Gandy, O. H., & Grant, A. E. (2001). Framing public life: Perspectives on media and our understanding of the social world. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Rendall, S. (2007). A poverty of coverage. Extra!, 20, 8.
Riffe, D., Lacy, S., & Fico, F. (1998). Analyzing media messages: Using quantitative content analysis. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Shoemaker, P., & Vos, T. (2009). Gatekeeping theory. Routledge.
Sicha, C. (2009). A graphic history of newspaper circulation over the last two decades, The AWL. Retrieved from http://www.theawl.com/2009/10/a-graphic-history-of-newspaper-circulation-over-the-last-two-decades
Stevenson, B. (2004). Latasha Harlins, Sunja Du and Joyce Karlin: A case study of multicultural female violence and justice on the urban frontier. Journal of African American History, 89(2), 152-176.
Teitelbaum, M. S. (2017, May 11). Europe's migration dilemmas, Foreign Affairs. Retrieved from https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/europe/2017-05-11/europe-s-migration-dilemmas
Tewksbury, D., & Scheufele, D. (2009). News framing theory and research. In J. Bryant & M. Oliver (Eds.), Media effects: Advances in theory and research. New York: Routledge.
Valenzuela, S., & McCombs, M. (2008). The Agenda-setting role of the news media. In M. B. Salwen & D. W. Stacks (Eds.), An integrated approach to communication theory and research (pp. 90-105). New York: Routledge.
Van Dijk, T. (1991). The interdisciplinary study of news as discourse. In K. B. Jensen & N. W. Jankowski (Eds.), A handbook of qualitative methodologies. New York: Routledge.
West, E. J. (2016). Black celebrity, racial politics, and the press: Framing dissent. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 93(3), 686-688. doi: 10.1177/1077699016659075d
Wilson, D. (2005). Inventing black-on-black violence: Discourse, space, and representation. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University press.
Worsley, S. M. (2010). Audience, agency and identity in Black popular culture. New York: Routledge.
Zelizer, B. (2005). Definitions of journalism. In G. Overholser & K. H. Jamieson (Eds.), The press (pp. 66-80). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Descargas
Publicado
20-09-2017
Cómo citar
Oh, S.-K., & Hudson, J. (2017). Encuadres y reencuadres de los disturbios en LA en 1992: Un estudio de las minorías desde los encuadres de Los Angeles Times y sus lectores. Revista De Comunicación, 16(2), 123–146. https://doi.org/10.26441/RC16.2-2017-A6
Número
Sección
Artículos
Portal de Revistas de la Universidad de Piura.