Instrumentos de rendición de cuentas impulsados por los medios de comunicación: percepción de los periodistas y ciudadanos españoles

Autores/as

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.26441/RC19.1-2020-A13

Palabras clave:

instrumentos de rendición de cuentas, medios de comunicación, España, ética, periodistas, ciudadanos

Resumen

En un contexto caracterizado por transformaciones estructurales y la crisis de credibilidad del periodismo, la rendición de cuentas de los medios adquiere una importancia central. Focalizándose en el contexto español, este artículo examina las percepciones de los periodistas y los ciudadanos sobre los mecanismos de accountability impulsados por los medios. Para ello se administró una encuesta online a periodistas, se celebraron seis grupos de discusión con ciudadanos y se realizaron 19 entrevistas en profundidad con expertos y representantes de asociaciones profesionales. Los resultados revelan la modesta evaluación que los periodistas hacen de estos instrumentos. Desde la perspectiva ciudadana, se subraya la falta de visibilidad y relativa desconfianza respecto estos mecanismos. Con el objetivo de incentivar la reflexión y la posterior toma de decisiones, se ha diseñado una plataforma open access que permite evaluar si los medios disponen de estos instrumentos clave para fomentar la transparencia, la autorregulación y la participación.

Métricas

Cargando métricas ...

Biografía del autor/a

Xavier Ramon, Universitat Pompeu Fabra

Doctor en Comunicación y profesor del Departamento de Comunicación de la Universitat Pompeu Fabra. Su investigación y docencia se centran principalmente en los ámbitos de la comunicación deportiva, la ética periodística, la rendición de cuentas y los estudios olímpicos

Marcel Mauri-Ríos, Universitat Pompeu Fabra

Doctor en Periodismo y profesor del Departamento de Comunicación de la Universitat Pompeu Fabra donde imparte asignaturas de ética y deontología periodística. Sus principales líneas de investigación son la historia del periodismo y la deontología periodística, el periodismo de calidad y la rendición de cuentas

Jesús Díaz-Campo, Universidad Internacional de La Rioja

Doctor en Comunicación por la Universidad Complutense de Madrid y Profesor Titular en la Facultad de Empresa y Comunicación de la Universidad Internacional de La Rioja. Sus principales líneas de investigación se centran en Ética de la Comunicación; Comunicación Política y Redes Sociales; Radio y Televisión

Citas

Allcott, H., & Gentzkow, M. (2017). Social Media and Fake News in the 2016 Election. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 31(2), 211–236. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.31.2.211 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.31.2.211

Almiron, N., Narberhaus, M., & Mauri-Ríos, M. (2016). Mapping media accountability in stateless nations: the case of Catalonia. Catalan Journal of Communication & Cultural Studies, 8(2), 207–225. https://doi.org/ 10.1386/cjcs.8.2.207_1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1386/cjcs.8.2.207_1

Alsius, S. (1999). Codis ètics del periodisme televisiu. Barcelona: Pòrtic.

Alsius, S. (Ed.) (2010). The ethical values of journalists. Field research among media professionals in Catalonia. Barcelona: Generalitat de Catalunya.

Alsius, S., Rodríguez-Martínez, R., & Mauri-Ríos, M. (2018). New formats and old crisis. En T. Eberwein, S. Fengler, & M. Karmasin (Eds.), The European Handbook of Media Accountability (pp. 243–250). Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge.

Aznar, H. (1999). Ética y periodismo. Barcelona: Paidós.

Aznar, H., & Serrano-Moreno, J. (2017). Autorregulación de la comunicación: análisis de las cien primeras resoluciones de la Comisión de Arbitraje, Quejas y Deontología de la FAPE. El Profesional de la Información, 26(2), 182–191. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2017.mar.04 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2017.mar.04

Bertrand, C. J. (2018). Media ethics and accountability systems. New York: Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351289641

Bjerke, P. (2018). Norway: Journalistic power limits media accountability. En T. Eberwein, S. Fengler, & M. Karmasin (Eds.), The European Handbook of Media Accountability (pp. 180–189). Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315616353-23

Bovens, M., Goodin, R.E., & T. Schillemans (2014). The Oxford handbook of public accountability. Oxford: Oxford University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199641253.013.0012

Broersma, M. (2019). The legitimacy paradox. Journalism, 20(1), 92–94. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884918806736 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884918806736

Bryman, A. (2016). Social research methods (5a ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Campos-Domínguez, E., & Redondo-García, M. (2015). Meta periodismo y transparencia informativa en el periodismo del siglo XXI. Obets. Revista de ciencias sociales, 10(1), 185–209. https://doi.org/10.14198/OBETS2015.10.1.07 DOI: https://doi.org/10.14198/OBETS2015.10.1.07

Christians, C. G., Glasser, T. L., Nordenstreng, K., & White, R.A. (2009). Normative theories of the media. Journalism in democratic societies. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.

Conboy, M. (2014). Celebrity journalism – an oxymoron? Forms and functions of a genre. Journalism, 15(2), 171–185. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884913488722 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884913488722

Craft, S., Vos, T., & Wolfgang, J. D. (2015). Reader comments as press criticism: Implications for the journalistic field. Journalism, 17(6), 677–693. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884915579332 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884915579332

Culver, K. B. (2017). Disengaged ethics: Code development and journalism’s relationship with “the public”. Journalism Practice, 11(4), 477–492. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2015.1121788 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2015.1121788

Diakopoulos, N., & Koliska, M. (2017). Algorithmic transparency in the news media. Digital Journalism, 5(7), 809–828. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2016.1208053 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2016.1208053

Díaz-Campo, J., & Segado-Boj, F. (2015). Journalism ethics in a digital environment: how journalistic codes of ethics have been adapted to the Internet and ICTs in countries around the world. Telematics and Informatics, 32(4), 735–744. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2015.03.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2015.03.004

Eberwein, T., Fengler, S., Philipp, S., & Ille, M. (2014). Counting Media Accountability – the Concept and Methodology of the MediaAcT Survey. En S. Fengler, T. Eberwein, G. Mazzoleni, C. Porlezza, & S. Russ-Mohl (Eds.), Journalists and media accountability. An international study of news people in the digital age (pp: 65–79). Nueva York: Peter Lang.

Eberwein, T., Fengler, S., Lauk, E., & Leppik-Bork, T. (Eds.) (2011). Mapping media accountability – in Europe and beyond. Colonia: Helbert Von Halem Verlag.

English, P. (2016). Mapping the sports journalism field: Bourdieu and broadsheet newsrooms. Journalism, 17(8), 1001–1017. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884915576728 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884915576728

Fengler, S. (2012). Holding the news media accountable: a study of media reporters and media critics in the United States. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 80(4), 818–832. https://doi.org/10.1177/107769900308000405 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/107769900308000405

Fengler, S., Eberwein, T., Mazzoleni, G., Porlezza, C., & Russ-Mohl, S. (2014). Journalists and media accountability. An international study of news people in the digital age. Nueva York: Peter Lang. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3726/978-1-4539-1247-8

Fengler, S., Eberwein, T., Alsius, S., Baisnée, O., Bichler, K., Dobek-Ostrowska, B., & Zambrano, S. (2015). How effective is media self-regulation? Results from a comparative survey on European journalists. European Journal of Communication, 30(3), 249–266. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323114561009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323114561009

Ferruci, P. (2018). It is in the numbers: How market orientation impacts journalists’ use of news metrics. Journalism, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884918807056 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884918807056

Ferruci, P. (2019). The End of Ombudsmen? 21st-Century Journalism and Reader Representatives. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 96(1), 288–307. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699018805986 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699018805986

García-Avilés, J.A. (2019). Examining media accountability in online media and the role of active audiences. En T. Eberwein, S. Fengler, & Karmasin, M. (Eds.), Media accountability in the era of post-truth politics: European challenges and perspectives (pp. 270–283). Londres: Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351115780-18

Gutiérrez del Álamo, P. (2015). El defensor del lector de El País (1985-2010). Una experiencia pionera en España. Málaga: Universidad de Málaga.

Hallin, D.C., & Mancini, P. (2004). Comparing media systems: three models of media and politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511790867

Hameleers, M., & van der Meer, T. (2019). Misinformation and polarization in a high-choice media environment: How effective are political fact-checkers? Communication Research. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650218819671 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650218819671

Hanitzsch, T., Van Dalen, A., & Steindl, N. (2018). Caught in the Nexus: A Comparative and Longitudinal Analysis of Public Trust in the Press. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 23(1), 3–23. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161217740695 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161217740695

Harro-Loit, H. (2015). Journalists’ views about accountability to different societal groups. Journal of Media Ethics: Exploring Questions of Media Morality, 30(1), 31–43. https://doi.org/10.1080/08900523.2014.985296

Haydon, G. (1978). On being responsible. The Philosophical Quarterly, 28(110), 46–57. https://doi.org/10.2307/2219043 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2219043

Higgins Joyce, V., Saldaña, M., Schmitz, A., & Alves, R.C. (2017). Ethical perspectives in Latin America’s journalism community: A comparative analysis of acceptance of controversial practice for investigative reporting. International Communication Gazette, 79(5), 459–482. https://doi.org/10.1177/1748048516688131 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1748048516688131

Himelboim, I., & Limor, Y. (2011). Media Institutions, News Organizations, and the Journalistic Social Role Worldwide: A Cross-National and Cross-Organizational Study of Codes of Ethics. Mass Communication & Society, 14(1), 71–92. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205430903359719 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15205430903359719

Hodges, L.W. (1986). Defining press responsibility: a functional approach. En D. Elliot (Ed.), Responsible journalism (pp. 13–31). Beverly Hills, California: Sage.

Hutchins, B., & Boyle, R. (2017). A community of practice: Sport journalism, mobile media and institutional change. Digital Journalism, 5(5), 496–512. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2016.1234147 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2016.1234147

Joseph, N. L. (2011). Correcting the record. Journalism Practice, 5(6): 704–718. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2011.587670 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2011.587670

Justel, S., Micó, J.L., & Ordeix, E. (2018). Governing the Media: Web Analytics in Spanish Newsrooms. Trípodos, 42, 93–106.

Karlsson, M., Clerwall, C., & Nord, L. (2017). Do not stand corrected. Transparency and users’ attitudes to inaccurate news and corrections in online journalism. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 94(1), 148–167. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699016654680 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699016654680

Karmasin, M., Kraus, D., Kaltenbrunner, A., & Bichler, K. (2014). Media Ethics as Institutional Ethics – the Potential of Corporate Social Responsibility. En S. Fengler, T. Eberwein, G. Mazzoleni, C. Porlezza & S. Russ-Mohl (Eds.), Journalists and Media Accountability. An International Study of News People in the Digital Age (pp: 231–248). Nueva York: Peter Lang.

Kendall, M., & Gibbons, J.D. (1990). Rank Correlation Methods. Charles Griffin Book Series (5th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

King, N., & Horrocks, C. (2010). Interviews in qualitative research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Luengo, M., Maciá-Barber, C., & Requejo-Alemán, J.L. (2017). Evaluating organisational ethics in Spanish news media. Journalism, 18(9), 1142–1162. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884916643682

Maciá, C. (2006). La figura del defensor del lector, del oyente y del telespectador. Madrid: Universitas.

Mauri-Ríos, M., & Ramon, X. (2015). Nuevos sistemas de rendición de cuentas de la información periodística. Una exploración del escenario online español. El Profesional de la Información, 24(4), 380–389. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2015.jul.04 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2015.jul.04

Mauri-Ríos, M., Rodríguez-Martínez, R., Figueras-Maz, M., & Fedele, M. (2018). Press councils as a traditional instrument of media self-regulation: The perceptions of European journalists. Journal of Applied Journalism & Media Studies, 7(2), 221–243. https://doi.org/10.1386/ajms.7.2.221_1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1386/ajms.7.2.221_1

Mayes, I. (2004). Trust Me – I’m an ombudsman. British Journalism Review, 15(2), 65–70. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956474804046018 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0956474804046018

McQuail, D. (1997). Accountability of media to society. Principles and means. European Journal of Communication, 12(4), 511–529. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323197012004004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323197012004004

McQuail, D. (2003). Media Accountability and Freedom of Publication. Nueva York: Oxford University Press.

Meltzer, K., & Martik, E. (2017). Journalists as communities of practice. Journal of Communication Inquiry, 41(3), 207–226. https://doi.org/10.1177/0196859917706158 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0196859917706158

Neveu, E. (2019). The challenge of thinking ecologically. Journalism, 20(1), 198–201. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884918808139 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884918808139

Nolan, D., & Marjoribanks, T. (2011). Public editors and media governance at The Guardian and The New York Times. Journalism Practice, 5(1), 3–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2010.482764 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2010.482764

Pastor, L. (2010). Teoría de las cartas al director. La gestión periodística del público. Barcelona: UOC.

Plaisance, P.L. (2000). The concept of media accountability reconsidered. Journal of Mass Media Ethics: Exploring Questions of Media Morality, 15(4), 257–268. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327728JMME1504_5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327728JMME1504_5

Raeymaeckers, K. (2005). Letters to the Editor: A Feedback Opportunity Turned into a Marketing Tool. European Journal of Communication, 20(2), 199–221. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323105052298 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323105052298

Ramon, X., Mauri-Ríos, M., & Alcalá-Anguiano, F. (2016). Transparencia informativa, autorregulación y participación del público. Comunicación y Sociedad, 25, 101–125.

Ramon, X., Billings, A. C., & Rojas-Torrijos, J. L. (2019). Interviews with Former ESPN Ombudsmen / Public Editors Kelly McBride, Robert Lipsyte, and Jim Brady. International Journal of Sport Communication, 12(1), 28–35. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsc.2018-0127 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsc.2018-0127

Ramon, X., & Tulloch, C. (2019). Life Beyond Clickbait Journalism: A Transnational Study of the Independent Football Magazine Market. Communication & Sport. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167479519878674 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2167479519878674

Roberts, C. (2012). Identifying and defining values in media codes of ethics. Journal of Mass Media Ethics: Exploring Questions of Media Morality, 27(2), 115–129. https://doi.org/10.1080/08900523.2012.669289 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08900523.2012.669289

Rodríguez-Martínez, R., López-Meri, A., Merino-Arribas, A., & Mauri-Ríos, M. (2017). Instrumentos de rendición de cuentas en España. Análisis comparativo en Cataluña, Galicia, Madrid y Valencia. El Profesional de la Información, 26 (2), 255–266. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2017.mar.12 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2017.mar.12

Rodríguez-Martínez, R., Mauri-Ríos, M., & Fedele, M. (2017). Criticism as an accountability instrument: the opinion of Spanish journalists. Communication & Society, 30(1): 57–72. https://doi.org/10.15581/003.30.1.57-72 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15581/003.30.1.57-72

Rojas-Torrijos, J. L., & Ramon, X. (2017). Accountability in social networks. Ever-evolving stylebooks and feedback through Twitter. Revista Latina de Comunicación Social, 72, 915–941. https://doi.org/10.4185/RLCS-2017-1200-50en DOI: https://doi.org/10.4185/RLCS-2017-1200en

Seoane, M.C., & Sueiro, S. (2004). Una historia de El País y del Grupo Prisa. De una aventura incierta a una gran industria cultural. Barcelona: Plaza y Janés.

Serazio, M. (2019). The other “fake” news: Professional ideals and objectivity ambitions in brand journalism. Journalism. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884919829923 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884919829923

Schmitz, A. (2015). The digital and social media journalist: A comparative analysis of journalists in Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Mexico, and Peru. The International Communication Gazette, 77(1), 74–101. https://doi.org/10.1177/1748048514556985 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1748048514556985

Singer, J.B. (2013). The ethical implications of an elite press. Journal of Mass Media Ethics: Exploring Questions of Media Morality, 28(3), 203–216. https://doi.org/10.1080/08900523.2013.802163 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08900523.2013.802163

Spiller, R., Degen, M., Kronewald, E., & Guertler, K. (2016). Media watchblogs as an instrument of media accountability: An international survey. Journal of Applied Journalism & Media Studies, 5(2), 151–176. https://doi.org/10.1386/ajms.5.2.151_1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1386/ajms.5.2.151_1

Suárez-Villegas, J.C., Zuberogoitia, A., & Gostín, A. (2019). Instrumentos de rendición de cuentas externos a los medios: los casos de Andalucía y la CAPV. Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodístico, 25(1), 529–546. https://doi.org/10.5209/ESMP.63744 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5209/ESMP.63744

Torres da Silva, M. (2012). Newsroom practices and letters-to-the-editor. Journalism Practice, 6(2), 250–263. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2011.629124 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2011.629124

Traber, M. (1997). Conclusion: an Ethics of communication worthy of human beings. En C. Christians & M. Traber (Eds.), Communication ethics and universal values (pp. 327–343). Thousand Oaks, California: Sage.

Van Dalen, A., & Deuze, M. (2006). Readers’ advocates or newspapers’ ambassadors? European Journal of Communication, 21(4), 457–475. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323106070011 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323106070011

Van der Wurff, R., & Schönbach, K. (2014). Audience Expectations of Media Accountability in the Netherlands. Journalism Studies, 15(2), 121–137. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2013.801679 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2013.801679

Wahl-Jorgensen, K. (2002). Understanding the Conditions for Public Discourse: four rules for selecting letters to the editor. Journalism Studies, 3(1), 69–81. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616700120107347 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14616700120107347

Waisbord, S. (2019). The vulnerabilities of journalism. Journalism, 20(1), 210–213. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884918809283 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884918809283

Weischenberg, S., Malik, M., & Scholl, A. (2006). Journalismus in Deutschland. Media Perspektiven, 7, 346–361.

Wilkins, L., & Brennen, B. (2004). Conflicted interests, contested terrain: journalism ethics codes then and now. Journalism Studies, 5(3), 297–309. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670042000246061 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670042000246061

Zelizer, B. (2018). Epilogue: Timing the study of news temporality. Journalism, 19(1), 111–121. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884916688964 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884916688964

Zuberogoitia, A., Bidegain, E., & Gostín, A. (2019). Mapping media accountability in a stateless nation: The case of the Basque Country. Catalan Journal of Communication & Cultural Studies, 11, 59–78. https://doi.org/10.1386/cjcs.11.1.59_1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1386/cjcs.11.1.59_1

Publicado

10-03-2020

Cómo citar

Ramon, X., Mauri-Ríos, M., & Díaz-Campo, J. (2020). Instrumentos de rendición de cuentas impulsados por los medios de comunicación: percepción de los periodistas y ciudadanos españoles. Revista De Comunicación, 19(1), 221–241. https://doi.org/10.26441/RC19.1-2020-A13

Número

Sección

Artículos