Noticias con inteligencia artificial: percepción e impacto de audiencias y profesionales tras un experimento radiofónico

Julen Orbegozo Terradillos; Ainara Larrondo Ureta; Simón Peña Fernández

doi:10.26441/RC24.2-2025-3891

Authors

Julen Orbegozo Terradillos Universidad del País Vasco (España) https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2959-4397
Ainara Larrondo Ureta Universidad del País Vasco (España) https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3303-4330
Simón Peña Fernández Universidad del País Vasco (España) https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2080-3241

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.26441/RC24.2-2025-3891

Keywords:

Artificial Intelligence, Mass media, Automated Journalism, Journalistic Ethics, Controlled Exposure, Emerging Technologies, Contente Generation, Voice Cloning, Media Regulation

Abstract

Purpose. This article analyses a pioneering radio experiment in the use of artificial intelligence (AI) conducted by the Basque public broadcaster in Basque, Euskal Irrati Telebista (EiTB), located in Spain. The initiative involved automating the generation of news texts and cloning human voices for news narration in the program Faktoria. Methodology. The research combines qualitative and quantitative methodologies to assess the detectability of automated content by the audience, as well as the perceptions and attitudes of listeners and media professionals towards the use of this technology. Results and conclusions. The results show that most listeners did not detect the presence of AI in the aired pieces, suggesting a high degree of technological mimicry. However, emotional values attributed to the automated voice, such as closeness and involvement, received lower ratings, indicating an emotional disconnection in the reception of AI-generated content. On a professional level, journalists expressed feelings of unease about the possibility of losing control over certain creative processes but also recognized the advantages of AI in automating routine tasks. Original contribution. This study is pioneering in evaluating the use of artificial intelligence in the creation of radio content in a minority language like Basque, with a particular focus on the detectability of the content and providing new insights into its impact on both audiences and professionals.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

Author Biographies

Julen Orbegozo Terradillos, Universidad del País Vasco (España)

Doctor en Comunicación Social, Profesor de Dirección de la Comunicación Pública e investigador en la Facultad de Ciencias Sociales y de la Comunicación de la Universidad del País Vasco. Sus líneas de investigación son: comunicación social y nuevas tecnologías; comunicación política y electoral; comunicación con perspectiva de género; activismo digital. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2959-4397, julen.orbegozo@ehu.eus

Ainara Larrondo Ureta, Universidad del País Vasco (España)

Doctora en Periodismo y Máster de Investigación en Historia Contemporánea. Profesora Titular de Universidad en el departamento de Periodismo de la Facultad de Ciencias Sociales y de la Comunicación de la Universidad del País Vasco. Sus líneas de investigación son la comunicación digital, la innovación y el impacto de la tecnología en la profesión periodística, la alfabetización mediática y las redes sociales. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3303-4330, ainara.larrondo@ehu.eus

Simón Peña Fernández, Universidad del País Vasco (España)

Doctor en Comunicación en Ciencias de la Información. Profesor Pleno en el departamento de Periodismo de la Facultad de Ciencias Sociales y de la Comunicación de la Universidad del País Vasco. Sus líneas de investigación son la comunicación digital, los cibermedios, las redes sociales y el impacto de la tecnología en el periodismo. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2080-3241, simon.pena@ehu.eus

References

Adams, W. C. (2015). Conducting semi‐structured interviews. Handbook of practical program evaluation, 492-505. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119171386.ch19 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119171386.ch19

Biswal, S. K., y Gouda, N. K. (2020). Artificial intelligence in journalism: A boon or bane? Optimization in machine learning and applications, 155-167. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0994-0_10 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0994-0_10

Biswal, S. K., y Kulkarni, A. J. (2024). Exploring the Intersection of Artificial Intelligence and Journalism: The Emergence of a New Journalistic Paradigm. Routledge, Taylor & Francis. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781032716879

Biswas, S. (2023). Role of chatGPT in Journalism: According to chatGPT. Social Science Reaesearch Network. https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4405396 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4405396

Chaparro-Domínguez, M.A. (2024). El impacto de la IA en los contenidos periodísticos sonoros. En S. Parratt-Fernández y M. A. Chaparro-Domínguez (eds.), Espejo De Monografías De Comunicación Social, 25(5) (pp. 119–139). https://doi.org/10.52495/c5.emcs.25.p108 DOI: https://doi.org/10.52495/c5.emcs.25.p108

Codina, L. (19 de junio de 2023). Estudios de caso: características, tipología y bibliografía comentada. Lluiscodina.com. https://www.lluiscodina.com/estudios-de-caso/

De La varga, I. (23 de mayo de 2024). Ahots klonatuak gai ote dira gu ordezkatzeko? Egin dugu esperimentua. EiTB.eus. https://acortar.link/PZ0HSd

Diakopoulos, N., Cools, H., Helberger, N., Li, C., Kung, E., y Rinehart, A. (2024). Generative AI in Journalism: The Evolution of Newswork and Ethics in a Generative Information Ecosystem. Associated Press.

Dörr, K. (2023). Artificial intelligence and ethical journalism. En Encyclopedia of Business and Professional Ethics (pp. 138-141). Cham, Springer International Publishing. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22767-8_1229

EiTB.eus (23 de mayo de 2024). EiTB irrati taldeak, lidergoari eusten dio, milio erdi entzule baino gehiagorekin. Eitb.eus. https://acortar.link/PZ0HSd

Elkhatat, A. M., Elsaid, K., y Almeer, S. (2023). Evaluating the efficacy of AI content detection tools in differentiating between human and AI-generated text. International Journal for Educational Integrity, 19(1), 17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40979-023-00140-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40979-023-00140-5

Etxaniz, J., Sainz, O., Perez, N., Aldabe, I., Rigau, G., Agirre, E…. (2024). Latxa: An open language model and evaluation suite for Basque. arXiv preprint arXiv:2403.20266. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2024.acl-long.799 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2024.acl-long.799

Fraser, K., Dawkins, H., y Kiritchenko, S. (2024). Detecting AI-Generated Text: Factors Influencing Detectability with Current Methods. arXiv preprint arXiv:2406.15583. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2406.15583 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1613/jair.1.16665

García-Romillo, V., Hernáez-Rioja, I., y Navas, E. (2021). The AHOLAB Text-to-Speech system for Blizzard Challenge 2021. Blizzard Challenge, 64-69. https://doi.org/10.21437/Blizzard.2021-11 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21437/Blizzard.2021-11

García-Santamaría, J. V. (2014). El negocio de la prensa digital. En busca de un modelo sostenible para los nuevos tiempos. UNIR. DOI: https://doi.org/10.32466/eufv-cyh.2015.11.398.179-181

Graefe, A., Haim, M., Haarmann, B., y Brosius, H. B. (2016). Perception of automated computer-generated news: Credibility, expertise, and readability. Journalism, 19(5). https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884916641269 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884916641269

Gutiérrez-Caneda, B., Vázquez-Herrero, J., y López-García, X. (2023). AI application in journalism: ChatGPT and the uses and risks of an emergent technology. Profesional de la Información, 32(5). https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2023.sep.14 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2023.sep.14

Hansen, M., Roca-Sales, M., Keegan, J. M., y King, G. (2017). Artificial intelligence: Practice and implications for journalism. Tow Center for Digital Journalism. https://doi.org/10.7916/D8X92PRD

Herrera, S., y Benítez de García, M. J. (2022). Immersive journalism: Advantages, disadvantages and challenges from the perspective of experts. Journalism and Media, 3(2), 330-347. https://doi.org/10.3390/journalmedia3020024 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/journalmedia3020024

Iturralde, A. y Txopitea, M. (2025). Common Voice: teknologiari euskara irakasteko auzolan digitala (Gaitu.eus). En H. Castro y L. Mimenza, Euskal Hedabideen Urtekaria 2024-2025 (pp. 63-70). https://behategia.eus/eu/urtekaria/urtekaria-2024-25/

Jamil, S. (2021). Artificial intelligence and journalistic practice: The crossroads of obstacles and opportunities for the Pakistani journalists. Journalism Practice, 15(10), 1400-1422. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2020.1788412 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2020.1788412

Kalla, D., Smith, N., Samaah, F., y Kuraku, S. (2023). Study and analysis of chat GPT and its impact on different fields of study. International journal of innovative science and research technology, 8(3). https://ssrn.com/abstract=4402499

Kaur-Gill, S., y Dutta, M. J. (2017). Digital ethnography. The international encyclopedia of communication research methods, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118901731.iecrm0271 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118901731.iecrm0271

Keaten, j. (27 de abril de 2023). Robots run the show as Swiss radio tests AI voices for a day. Associated Press. https://acortar.link/OfAHC3

Kim, J., Xu, K., y Merrill, K. (2022). Man vs. machine: Human responses to an AI newscaster and the role of social presence. The Social Science Journal, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1080/03623319.2022.2027163 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03623319.2022.2027163

Larrondo, A., Larrañaga-Zubizarreta, J., Meso, K., y Agirreazkuenaga, I. (2012). Convergencia de medios y redacciones: el caso de la Radio Televisión Pública Vasca (EITB). Profesional de la información 21(4), 347-353. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2012.jul.03 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2012.jul.03

Lima-Santos, M. F., y Ceron, W. (2021). Artificial intelligence in news media: current perceptions and future outlook. Journalism and Media, 3(1), 13-26. https://doi.org/10.3390/journalmedia3010002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/journalmedia3010002

Longoni, C., Fradkin, A., Cian, L., y Pennycook, G. (2022). News from generative artificial intelligence is believed less. In Proceedings of the 2022 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (pp. 97-106). https://doi.org/10.1145/3531146.3533077 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/3531146.3533077

Marinescu, V., Fox, B., Roventa-Frumusani, D., Branea, S., y Marinache, R. (2022). News Audience’s Perceptions of and Attitudes Towards AI-Generated News. In Futures of Journalism: Technology-stimulated Evolution in the Audience-News Media Relationship (pp. 295-311). Cham, Springer International Publishing. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-95073-6_19

Martín, M., Fior, A., Costa Escuredo, Á., y Ruiz San Román, J. A. (2024). La figura del periodista frente al fenómeno de la desinformación en la era digital. ZER: Revista De Estudios De Comunicación, 29(56), 65–85. https://doi.org/10.1387/zer.25993 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1387/zer.25993

Meso, K., Larrondo Ureta, A., y Peña Fernández, S. (2023). Algoritmos, inteligencia artificial y periodismo automatizado en el sistema híbrido de medios. Textual & Visual Media, 17(1), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.56418/txt.17.1.2023.0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.56418/txt.17.1.2023.0

Munoriyarwa, A., Chiumbu, S., y Motsaathebe, G. (2023). Artificial intelligence practices in everyday news production: The case of South Africa’s mainstream newsrooms. Journalism Practice, 17(7), 1374-1392. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2021.1984976 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2021.1984976

Noain-Sánchez, A. (2022). Addressing the Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Journalism: The perception of experts, journalists and academics. Communication & Society, 35(3), 105-121. https://doi.org/10.15581/003.35.3.105-121 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15581/003.35.3.105-121

Ortega-Galindo, M. (24 de julio de 2023). Basia, primer programa de radio en Polonia presentado usando inteligencia artificial. La Vanguardia. https://acortar.link/lhVlBH

Oyedokun, I. (2023). Effects of adopting Artificial Intelligence Presenters in Broadcasting on Audience Perception and Gratification of Broadcast Content. August. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.32818.99529

Pashevich, E. (2018). Automation of news production in Norway: Augmenting newsroom with artificial intelligence [Trabajo Fin de Master]. University of Oslo. https://acortar.link/8Bqrkb

Preston, C., Schaeffer, D. y Dobuski, M. (4 de septiembre de 2023). Radio broadcasters sound off on artificial intelligence. ABC News. https://acortar.link/tfXiB7

Prostinákova, M., Martovic, M. y Solík, M. (2023). Marketing Identity. AI, The Future of Today. Proceedings from de International Scientific Conference, Trnaba.

Requelme, C. (6 de marzo de 2023). Lanzaron la primera radio impulsada por inteligencia artificial para crear contenido localizado en tiempo real. Christianrequelme.com. https://acortar.link/Qd8pQF

Ribes-Guardia, X., Moncús-Blanco, B. y Terol-Bolinches, R. (2025). Usos de la inteligencia artificial en el ciclo de un producto radiofónico: modelo para la clasificación de herramientas IA. Revista de Comunicación, 24(1), 455-474. https://doi.org/10.26441/RC24.1-2025-3709 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26441/RC24.1-2025-3709

Russel, S. y Norvig, P. (2016). Artificial intelligence: A modern approach, global edition. Harlow: Pearson.

Sanahuja, R., y Esteban, E. G. (2023). Exigencias éticas para un periodismo responsable en el contexto de la inteligencia artificial. Daimon Revista Internacional de Filosofia, (90), 131-145. https://doi.org/10.6018/daimon.557391 DOI: https://doi.org/10.6018/daimon.557391

Scaraboto, D. (2006). Comunidades on-line como fonte de informação em marketing: reflexões sobre possibilidades e práticas. Revista Eletrônica Internacional de Economia Política da Informação, da Comunicação e da Cultura-Eptic, 8(3). https://periodicos.ufs.br/eptic/article/view/262

Simon, F. M. (2024). Artificial Intelligence in the News: How AI Retools, Rationalizes, and Reshapes Journalism and the Public Arena. Columbia Journalism Review. https://www.cjr.org/tow_center_reports/artificial-intelligence-in-the-news.php

Stake, R. (1995). The art of case research. Sage Publications.

Stanescu, G. C. (2023). The impact of artificial intelligence on journalism. adverse effects vs. benefits. Social Sciences and Education Research Review, 10(1), 258-261. https://zenodo.org/badge/DOI/10.5281/zenodo.8151135.svg

Sun, J. y Guo, L. (2022). Disinformation and Artificial Intelligence: the Case of Online Journalism in China. Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodístico, 28(1), 761-770. https://dx.doi.org/10.5209/esmp.88543 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5209/esmp.88543

Tegmark, M. (2017). Life 3.0: Being Human in the Age of Artificial Intelligence. New York Times.

Tellis, W. (1997). Application of a case study methodology. The qualitative report, 3(3), 1-19. DOI: https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/1997.2015

Thatcher, J. B., Wright, R. T., Sun, H., Zagenczyk, T. J. y Klein, R. (2018). Mindfulness in information technology use. MIS quarterly, 42(3), 831-848. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26635055 DOI: https://doi.org/10.25300/MISQ/2018/11881

Thurman, N., Stares, S. y Koliska, M. (2025). Audience evaluations of news videos made with various levels of automation: A population-based survey experiment. Journalism, 26(1), 3-23. https://doi.org/10.1177/14648849241243189 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/14648849241243189

Túñez-López, J. M., Fieiras-Ceide, C. y Vaz-Álvarez, M. (2021). Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Journalism: transformations in the company, products, contents and professional profile. Communication & society, 34(1), 177-193. https://doi.org/10.15581/003.34.1.177-193 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15581/003.34.1.177-193

Túñez López, J. M., y Tejedor, S. (2019). Inteligencia artificial y periodismo [presentación del monográfico]. Doxa Comunicación, 29, 163-168. https://doi.org/10.31921/doxacom.n29a8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.31921/doxacom.n29a8

Ufarte-Ruiz, M. J., Calvo-Rubio, L. M. y Murcia-Verdú, F. J. (2021). Los desafíos éticos del periodismo en la era de la inteligencia artificial. Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodístico, 27(2), 673-684. https://doi.org/10.5209/esmp.69708 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5209/esmp.69708

Waddell, T. F. (2018). A robot wrote this? How perceived machine authorship affects news credibility. Digital journalism, 6(2), 236-255. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2017.1384319 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2017.1384319

Weber, D. (2023). Testing of Detection Tools for AI-Generated Text. International Journal for Educational Integrity. https://doi.org/10.1007/s4097902300146z

Whitby, B. (2009). Artificial intelligence. The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc.

Yaguana-Romero, H., Arrobo-Agila, J. P. y Jaramillo, A. R. (2022). La inteligencia artificial en la narrativa sonora. Estudio de caso. Anàlisi, 66, 9-23. https://doi.org/10.5565/rev/analisi.3476 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5565/rev/analisi.3476

Yin, R. (1993). Applications of case study research. Sage Publishing.

Yin, R. (2018). Case Study Research and Applications. Sage Publications.

Zhang, S. (2024). Exploring the Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Journalism in the Future Digital Era. Dean & Francis, 1(10). https://doi.org/10.61173/6hcc8x05 DOI: https://doi.org/10.61173/6hcc8x05