Social Responsibility and Covid-19 health crisis: communication of Spanish energy companies on Twitter

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.26441/RC21.1-2022-A23

Keywords:

digital communication, CSR, Covid-19, reputation, crisis, Twitter, energy companies, Spain

Abstract

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is considered a legitimizing activity for organizations and an essential value for reputation fundamentally in crises. Social networks, especially Twitter, are beneficial tools for CSR communication. This social network is considered the ideal tool for communication management during critical situations. Thus, the main objective of this research is to analyze how the most responsible companies in the Spanish energy sector communicate their CSR actions and policies during the pandemic on Twitter. Through the content analysis of 3,146 tweets published during 12 months, the study evaluates the activity, topics and communicative approach of CSR messages posted during the health crisis. Despite the pandemic situation, the results suggest that organizations have not significantly changed their roadmap in the communication of their CSR actions.



Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

Author Biographies

Ileana Zeler, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona

Doctora en Comunicación por la Universidad Rovira i Virgili y Profesora Serra Hunter en la. También, es Vice-Chair de la sección de Comunicación Estratégica y Organizacional de la European Communication Research and Education Association (ECREA). Sus líneas de investigación se centran en Comunición Estratégica, Relaciones Públicas, Comunicación Digital y Responsabilidad Social Corporativa.

Andrea Oliveira, Universidad de Girona

Doctora en Comunicación por la Universidad Rovira i Virgili y Profesora Serra Hunter en la Universidad de Girona. Su investigación se centra en Comunicación estratégica, Comunicación y Salud, Relaciones públicas, Comunicación de Crisis, Comunicación de Riesgos y Comunicación Digital. 

Raquel Triano Morales, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona

Graduada en Periodismo en la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Sus intereses de investigación se centran en Comunicación Corporativa y la Responsabilidad Social Corporativa. 

References

Abd-Alrazaq, A., Alhuwail, D., Househ, M., Hai, M., & Shah, Z. (2020). Top concerns of tweeters during the COVID-19 pandemic: A surveillance study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(4), e19016. https://doi.org/10.2196/19016 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2196/19016

Abitbol, A., & Lee, S. Y. (2017). Messages on CSR-dedicated Facebook pages: What works and what doesn’t. Public Relations Review, 43(4), 796-808. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2017.05.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2017.05.002

Aced, C., & Lalueza, F. (2018). Monologues in the conversational era: Assessing the level of dialogic communication that big firms are reaching on social medi. El Profesional de la Información, 27(6), 1270. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2018.nov.10 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2018.nov.10

Acosta, S. (2021, septiembre 15). Las eléctricas abren una guerra legal contra el Gobierno por la «expropiación» de sus beneficios. elEconomista. es. https://www.eleconomista.es/energia/noticias/11391725/09/21/Las-electricas-abren-una-guerra-legal-y-amenazan-con-el-cierre-de-nucleares-.html

Aguinis, H., & Glavas, A. (2012). What We Know and Don’t Know About Corporate Social Responsibility: A Review and Research Agenda. Journal of Management, 38(4), 932-968. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206311436079 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206311436079

Aguirre, C., Ruiz, S., Palazón, M., & Rodríguez, A. (2020). The Role of the eWOM in the RSC Communication in Social networks. Anagramas Rumbos Y Sentidos De La Comunicación, 19(38), 11-33. https://doi.org/10.22395/angr.v19n38a2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.22395/angr.v19n38a2

Alferaih, A. (2019). Understanding causal links among the dimensions of corporate social responsibility: a framework developed using interpretive structural modelling. Social Responsibility Journal, 16(8), 1357-1376. https://doi.org/10.1108/SRJ-08-2018-0197 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/SRJ-08-2018-0197

Andrino, B., Grasso, D., & LLaneras, K. (2021, marzo). Los datos de una pandemia en tres olas. Las muertes en cada provincia, la reducción de la movilidad y el efecto de las vacunas resumen un año de covid-19 en España. El País. https://elpais.com/sociedad/2021-03-10/los-datos-de-una-pandemia-en-tres-olas.html

Appel, M., Donghong, D., & Morshadul, H. (2021). Corporate Social Responsibility: Business Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic. SAGE Open, 11(1), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244020988710 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244020988710

Ayedee, N., & Kumar, A. (2021). How CSR Practices Changed During Covid-19: Triple Bottom Line. En S. Sruthi (Ed.), New Paradigms in Business Management Practices (Third, Número February, pp. 140-145). Amazon.

Balasubramanian, S. K., Fang, Y., & Yang, Z. (2020). Twitter Presence and Experience Improve Corporate Social Responsibility Outcomes. Journal of Business Ethics, 0123456789. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-020-04537-x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-020-04537-x

Barbas Coslado, Á. (2012). Media Literacy Education: development, aproaches and challenges in an interconnected world. Foro de Educación, 10(14), 157-175. https://forodeeducacion.com/ojs/index.php/fde/article/view/22

Boletín Oficial del Estado. (2020). Real Decreto 463/2020, de 14 de marzo, por el que se declara el estado de alarma para la gestión de la situación de crisis sanitaria ocasionada por el COVID-19. En el Ministerio de la Presidencia, Relaciones con las Cortes y Memoria Democrática (Vol. 67, Número I, pp. 25390-25400). Gobierno de España. https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2020-3692

Bonsón, E. (2011). Responsabilidad Social Corporativa y redes sociales de comunicación: RSC. AECA: Revista de la Asociación Española de Contabilidad y Administración de Empresas, 93, 12-13. http://www.aeca1.org/revistaeca/revista93/93.pdf

Campillo-Alhamada, C., & Igual-Antón, D. (2021). Corporate Social Responsibility Strategies in Spanish Electric Cooperatives . Analysis of Stakeholder Engagement. Sustainability, 13(12), 6810. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202105.0360.v1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su13126810

Capriotti, P., Zeler, I., & Oliveira, A. (2021). Assessing dialogic features of corporate pages on Facebook in Latin American companies. Corporate Communications: An International Journal, 26(5), 16-30. https://doi.org/10.1108/CCIJ-10-2020-0149 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/CCIJ-10-2020-0149

Carroll, A. B. (1999). Corporate social responsibility. Business and Society, 38(3), 268-295. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/000765039903800303 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/000765039903800303

Carroll, A. B. (2021). Corporate Social Responsibility: Perspectives on the CSR Construct’s Development and Future. Business and Society, 60(6), 1258-1278. https://doi.org/10.1177/00076503211001765 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/00076503211001765

Castelló-Martínez, A., Del pino-Romero, C., & Ramos-Soler, I. (2014). Twitter as an advertising and corporate communication channel. Communication & Society, 27(2), 21-54. http://www.unav.es/fcom/comunicacionysociedad/es/resumen.php?art_id=489

Chae, M. J. (2020). The Effects of Message Tone and Formats of CSR Messages on Engagement in Social Media. Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 7(10), 501-512. https://doi.org/10.13106/jafeb.2020.vol7.no10.501 DOI: https://doi.org/10.13106/jafeb.2020.vol7.no10.501

Chen, Y. R. R., Hung-Baesecke, C.-J. F., & Chen, X. (2020). Moving forward the dialogic theory of public relations: Concepts, methods and applications of organization-public dialogue. Public Relations Review, 46(1), 101878. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2019.101878 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2019.101878

Coombs, W. T. (2015). The value of communication during a crisis: Insights from strategic communication research. Business Horizons, 58(2), 141-148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2014.10.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2014.10.003

Dahlsrud, A. (2008). How corporate social responsibility is defined: An analysis of 37 definitions. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 15(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.132 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.132

Du, S., & Vieira, E. T. (2012). Striving for Legitimacy Through Corporate Social Responsibility: Insights from Oil Companies. Journal of Business Ethics, 110(4), 413-427. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-012-1490-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-012-1490-4

Edelman. (2020). Edelman Trust Barometer 2020. Special Report: Trust and the Coronavirus: Vol. Special Re. https://www.edelman.com/research/2020-edelman-trust-barometer-special-report-coronavirus-and-trust

Ellerup, A., & Esmann, S. (2011). Corporate social responsibility. Business Ethics and Continental Philosophy, 242-262. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139013338.013 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139013338.013

Elving, W., & Van Vuuren, M. (2011). Beyond identity washing: Corporate social responsibility in an age of skepticism. Akademija Mm, 17. https://hdl.handle.net/11245/1.356510

Emmy, N., Derani, S., & Naidu, P. (2016). The Impact of Utilizing Social Media as a Communication Platform During a Crisis Within The Oil Industry. Procedia Economics and Finance, 35(October 2015), 650-658. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(16)00080-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(16)00080-0

Eriksson, M., & Olsson, E. K. (2016). Facebook and Twitter in Crisis Communication: A Comparative Study of Crisis Communication Professionals and Citizens. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 24(4), 198-208. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5973.12116 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5973.12116

Estanyol, E. (2020). Comunicación de la responsabilidad social corporativa (RSC): análisis de las campañas más premiadas en 2018. El profesional de la información, 29(3), e290334. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2020.may.34 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2020.may.34

Fernández, L. (2021). Renewable energy planned investment from the main Spanish energy companies as of 2020 (in million euros). Statista & Cinco Días. https://www-statista-com.are.uab.cat/statistics/1250240/renewable-energy-investment-spanish-companies/

Ferrer-Serrano, M., Latorre-Martínez, M.-P., & Lozano-Blasco, R. (2020). Universities and communication: role of Twitter during the beginning of the Covid-19 health crisis. El profesional de la información, 29(6), e290612. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2020.nov.12 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2020.nov.12

Fontrodona, J. (2020). Reforzar la integridad empresarial ante la crisis del COVID-19. IESE Business School-University of Navarra. https://media.iese.edu/research/pdfs/OP-0333.pdf

Fox, C., Davis, P., & Baucus, M. (2020). Corporate social responsibility during unprecedented crises: the role of authentic leadership and business model flexibility. Management Decision, 58(10), 2213-2233. https://doi.org/10.1108/MD-08-2020-1073 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/MD-08-2020-1073

Gheyle, N., & Thomas, J. (2017). Content Analysis: a short overview. Internal research note. Internal Research Note., December. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.33689.31841

González-Rodríguez, M. R., Díaz-Fernández, M. C., & Simonetti, B. (2015). The social, economic and environmental dimensions of corporate social responsibility: The role played by consumers and potential entrepreneurs. International Business Review, 24(5), 836-848. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2015.03.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2015.03.002

Haro de Rosario, A., Benítez Sanchez, M. N., & Caba Pérez, M. del C. (2011). Responsabilidad social corporativa en el sector eléctrico. Revista Finanzas y Política Económica, 3(2), 49-63. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=4041949

Huertas, A., Oliveira, A., & Girotto, M. (2020). Gestión comunicativa de crisis de las oficinas nacionales de turismo de España e Italia ante la Covid-19. El profesional de la información, 29(4), https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2020.jul.10 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3145/10.3145/epi.2020.jul.10

Illia, L., Romenti, S., Rodríguez-Cánovas, B., Murtarelli, G., & Carroll, C. E. (2017). Exploring Corporations’ Dialogue About CSR in the Digital Era. Journal of Business Ethics, 146(1), 39-58. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2924-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2924-6

Jiang, W., & Wong, J. K. W. (2016). Key activity areas of corporate social responsibility (CSR) in the construction industry: a study of China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 113, 850-860. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.10.093. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.10.093

Kim, J. (2017). Effects of corporate online communication on attitude and trust : Experimental analysis of Twitter messages. Public Relations Journal, 11(2), 1-19. https://prjournal.instituteforpr.org/wp-content/uploads/Twitter-Messaging-2-2.pdf

López-Feldman, A., Chávez, C., Vélez, M. A., Bejarano, H., Chimeli, A. B., Féres, J., Robalino, J., Salcedo, R., & Viteri, C. (2020). COVID-19: Impacts on the environment and the achievement of the SDGS in Latin America. Desarrollo y Sociedad, 2020(86), 104-132. https://doi.org/10.13043/DYS.86.4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.13043/DYS.86.4

López, J. M., Sánchez, L. J., & Meneu, V. (2005). Impactos sobre el sector energético. Impactos del cambio climático en España, 618-652. http://www.mapama.gob.es/es/cambio-climatico/temas/impactos-vulnerabilidad-y-adaptacion/13_sector_energetico_2_tcm7-12432.pdf

Losada, J. C., & Capriotti, P. (2015). The communication of art museums in facebook: Comparison of key international and Spanish institutions. Palabra Clave, 18(3), 889-904. https://doi.org/10.5294/pacla.2015.18.3.11 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5294/pacla.2015.18.3.11

Lyon, T. P., & Maxwell, J. W. (2011). Greenwash: Corporate environmental disclosure under threat of audit. Journal of Economics and Management Strategy, 20(1), 3-41. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-9134.2010.00282.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-9134.2010.00282.x

Maldita.es. (2021, enero 15). ¿Qué es una ola de la COVID-19 y por qué podemos decir que estamos ya en la tercera? Maldita.es. https://maldita.es/malditateexplica/20210118/ola-covid19-tercera-coronavirus/

Manuel, T., & Herron, T. L. (2020). An ethical perspective of business CSR and the COVID-19 pandemic. Society and Business Review, 15(3), 235-253. https://doi.org/10.1108/sbr-06-2020-0086 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/SBR-06-2020-0086

Martín, I., González, E., Saa, A., Martínez, J., Florence, A., Andina, D., & Tarquis, A. (2018). La evolución de la RSC en el sector de Empresas de Servicios Energéticos La evolución de la RSC en el sector de Empresas de Servicios Energéticos. XXVI Congreso Eben –España. El Trabajo En La FuncióN Y Responsabilidad Social De La Empresa, 1-4. http://oa.upm.es/55121/1/INVE_MEM_2018_300749.pdf

McHugh, M. L. (2012). Lessons in biostatistics interrater reliability : the kappa statistic. Biochemica Medica, 22(3), 276-282. https://hrcak.srce.hr/89395 DOI: https://doi.org/10.11613/BM.2012.031

Medina, V., Puerta, M., & Almansa, A. (2021). Comunicación de información y conocimiento sobre Covid-19 : Análisis de sitios web de universidades españolas y brasileñas Communication of information and knowledge about Covid-19 : Analysis of websites of spanish and brazilian universities. 15, 42-67. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.15847/obsOBS15220211775 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15847/obsOBS15220211775

MERCO. (2020a). Monitor Empresarial de Reputación Corporativa: Rankings. Merco.info. https://www.merco.info/es/rankings-merco#!

MERCO. (2020b). Ranking Empresas con mayor compromiso / responsabilidad social durante la pandemia. https://www.merco.info/es/actualidad/ranking-merco-empresas-con-mayor-compromiso-responsabilidad-social-pandemia-covid19

Monfort, A., & Mas Iglesias, J. M. (2021). Communicating CSR in social media: challenges and opportunities. Comunicación y Hombre, 17(17), 349-361. https://doi.org/10.32466/eufv-cyh.2021.17.645.349-361 DOI: https://doi.org/10.32466/eufv-cyh.2021.17.645.349-361

Moya, M., & Herrera, S. (2015). How can twitter contribute to more advanced political communication? Arbor, 191(774), a257. https://doi.org/10.3989/arbor.2015.774n4012 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3989/arbor.2015.774n4012

Okazaki, S., Plangger, K., West, D., & Menéndez, H. D. (2020). Exploring digital corporate social responsibility communications on Twitter. Journal of Business Research, 117, 675-682. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.09.006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.09.006

Oliveira, A., Capriotti, P., & Matilla, K. (2015). Conception and strategic management of publics in the energy companies in Spain. Communication and Society, 28(1), 79-92. https://doi.org/10.15581/003.28.1.79-92 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15581/003.28.1.79-92

Orozco, J., & Ferré, C. (2013). La comunicación Estratégica de la Responsabilidad Social Corporativa. Razón y Palabra, 83(1), 1-20. http://www.razonypalabra.org.mx/N/N83/V83/20_OrozcoFerre_V83.pdf

Park, S., & Park, H. W. (2020). A webometric network analysis of electronic word of mouth (Ewom) characteristics and machine learning approach to consumer comments during a crisis. Profesional de la Información, 29(5), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2020.sep.16 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2020.sep.16

Piñeiro Naval, V. (2010). Métodos de investigación científica de los medios de comunicación: el análisis de contenido de páginas web. (Número April, pp. 412-423). https://www.academia.edu/11939459/Métodos_de_investigación_científica_de_los_medios_de_comunicación_el_análisis_de_contenido_de_páginas_web

Ros, V. J., & Castelló, A. (2012a). CSR communication through online social media. Revista Latina de Comunicacion Social, 67, 47-67. https://doi.org/10.4185/RLCS-067-947-047-067 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4185/RLCS-067-947-047-067

Ros, V. J., & Castelló, A. (2012b). The use of Twitter for Responsibility Communication. Telos: Cuadernos de comunicación e innovación, 91(March), 1-14. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=3923965

Rybalko, S., & Seltzer, T. (2010). Dialogic communication in 140 characters or less: How Fortune 500 companies engage stakeholders using Twitter. Public Relations Review, 36(4), 336-341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2010.08.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2010.08.004

Saeed, A., Noreen, U., Azam, A., Tahir, M. S., & Pk, A. A. (2021). Does CSR Governance Improve Social Sustainability and Reduce the Carbon Footprint: International Evidence from the Energy Sector. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13073596 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su13073596

Sardianou, E., Stauropoulou, A., & Kostakis, I. (2017). Analyzing Consumers’ Awareness towards CSR, Focusing on Environmental Management. Environmental Management and Sustainable Development, 6(2), 51. https://doi.org/10.5296/emsd.v6i2.10983 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5296/emsd.v6i2.10983

Shahbaz, M., Karaman, A. S., Kilic, M., & Uyar, A. (2020). Board attributes, CSR engagement, and corporate performance: What is the nexus in the energy sector? Energy Policy, 143(August), 111582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2020.111582 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2020.111582

Shin, H., Sharma, A., Nicolau, J. L., & Kang, J. (2021). The impact of hotel CSR for strategic philanthropy on booking behavior and hotel performance during the COVID-19 pandemic. Tourism Management, 85(January), 104322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2021.104322 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2021.104322

Shoaei, M. D., & Dastani, M. (2020). The role of twitter during the COVID-19 crisis: A systematic literature review. Acta Informatica Pragensia, 9(2), 154-169. https://doi.org/10.18267/J.AIP.138 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18267/j.aip.138

Sorzano, D. M. (2020). La responsabilidad social empresarial: conceptos y pertinencia en tiempos de pandemia. Trade Law & Customs, 6B. http://158.122.1.53/bitstream/60000/915/1/Art. 7 Dra. Deisy Milena Sorzano - La responsabilidad social empresarial conceptos y pertinencia en tiempos de pandemia.pdf

Sourour, H., & Jaboui, A. (2020). CSR: A Moral Obligation or a Strategic Behavior? En B. Orlando (Ed.), Corporate Social Responsibility (pp. 1-15). IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94471 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94471

Statista Research Department. (2020). List of the Spanish companies with the best corporate reputation in 2020*. MuyComputerPRO. https://www-statista-com.are.uab.cat/statistics/1132152/most-acclaimed-companies-in-spain-2020/

Strezov, V., Evans, A., & Evans, T. J. (2017). Assessment of the Economic, Social and Environmental Dimensions of the Indicators for Sustainable Development. Sustainable Development, 25(3), 242-253. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.1649 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.1649

Su, C., & Urban, F. (2021). Circular economy for clean energy transitions: A new opportunity under the COVID-19 pandemic. Applied Energy, 289(September 2020), 116666. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.116666 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.116666

Sury, S. (2020). Impacto del COVID-19 en las prioridades de la RSC / Sostenibilidad y en el rol de sus profesionales Objetivo del estudio: ¿ Cuál es el impacto que va producir el COVID-19 en la RSC / Sostenibilidad? https://www.dirse.es/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/200622-Impacto-COVID-19_RSC_Sostenibilidas-v8.pdf

Taylor, M., & Kent, M. L. (2014). Dialogic Engagement: Clarifying Foundational Concepts. Journal of Public Relations Research, 26(5), 384-398. https://doi.org/10.1080/1062726X.2014.956106 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1062726X.2014.956106

Thelwall, M., & Levitt, J. M. (2020). Retweeting COVID-19 disability issues: Risks, support and outrage. Profesional de la Información, 29(2), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2020.mar.16 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2020.mar.16

Torelli, R., Balluchi, F., & Lazzini, A. (2020). Greenwashing and environmental communication: Effects on stakeholders’ perceptions. Business Strategy and the Environment, 29(2), 407-421. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.2373 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.2373

Torres-Salinas, D. (2020). Ritmo de crecimiento diario de la producción científica sobre Covid-19. Análisis en bases de datos y repositorios en acceso abierto. El Profesional de la Información, 29(2), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2020.mar.15 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2020.mar.15

Torugsa, N. A., O’Donohue, W., & Hecker, R. (2013). Proactive CSR: An Empirical Analysis of the Role of its Economic, Social and Environmental Dimensions on the Association between Capabilities and Performance. Journal of Business Ethics, 115(2), 383-402. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-012-1405-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-012-1405-4

Turk, D., & Kamiya, G. (2020). The impact of the Covid-19 crisis on clean energy progress. 10 key emerging themes. https://www.iea.org/articles/the-impact-of-the-covid-19-crisis-on-clean-energy-progress

Uddin, M., Hassan, M. R., & Tarique, K. M. (2008). Three Dimensional Aspects of Corporate Social Responsibility. Daffodil International University Journal of Business and Economics, 3(1), 199-212. http://dspace.daffodilvarsity.edu.bd:8080/handle/20.500.11948/655

Vilariño, A. (2020, junio 29). La oportunidad del sector energético ante la COVID-19. Compromiso Empresarial. https://www.compromisoempresarial.com/coronavirus/2020/06/la-oportunidad-del-sector-energetico-ante-la-covid-19/

Villafañe, J. (2015). La Reputación Corporativa Como Expresión De Una Nueva Racionalidad Empresarial. 1. https://www.academia.edu/5316565/LA_REPUTACIÓN_CORPORATIVA_COMO_EXPRESIÓN_DE_UNA_NUEVA_RACIONALIDAD_EMPRESARIAL

Vinet, L., & Zhedanov, A. (2010). A «missing» family of classical orthogonal polynomials. Statewide Agricultural Land Use Baseline 2015, 1, 8. https://doi.org/10.1088/1751-8113/44/8/085201 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1751-8113/44/8/085201

Vogler, D., & Eisenegger, M. (2020). CSR Communication, Corporate Reputation, and the Role of the News Media as an Agenda-Setter in the Digital Age. Business and Society, June. https://doi.org/10.1177/0007650320928969 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0007650320928969

Vollero, A., Palazzo, M., Siano, A., & Elving, W. J. L. (2016). Avoiding the greenwashing trap: Between CSR communication and stakeholder engagement. International Journal of Innovation and Sustainable Development, 10(2), 120-140. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJISD.2016.075542 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1504/IJISD.2016.075542

Waddock, S. (2004). Parallel universes: Companies, academics, and the progress of corporate citizenship. Business and society Review, 109(1), 5-42. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0045-3609.2004.00002.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0045-3609.2004.00002.x

Wang, B., & Zhuang, J. (2017). Crisis information distribution on Twitter: a content analysis of tweets during Hurricane Sandy. Natural Hazards, 89(1), 161-181. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-017-2960-x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-017-2960-x

Wood, D. J. (1991). Corporate Social Performance Revisited. Academy of Management Review, 16(4), 691-718. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1991.4279616

Xia, B., Olanipekun, A., Qing, C., Linlin, X., & Yong, L. (2018). Conceptualising the state of the art of corporate social responsibility (CSR) in the construction industry and its nexus to sustainable development. Journal of Cleaner Production, 195, 340-353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.05.157, JCLP DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.05.157

Xifra, J. (2020). Corporate communication, public relations and reputational risk management in the days of covid-19. Profesional de la Información, 29(2), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2020.mar.20 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2020.mar.20

Yue, C. A., Thelen, P., Robinson, K., & Men, L. R. (2019). How do CEOs communicate on Twitter? A comparative study between Fortune 200 companies and top startup companies. Corporate Communications, 24(3), 532-552. https://doi.org/10.1108/CCIJ-03-2019-0031 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/CCIJ-03-2019-0031

Zeler, I., & Capriotti, P. (2019). Communicating corporate social responsibility issues on Facebook’s corporate fanpages of Latin American companies. El Profesional de la Información, 28(5), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2019.sep.07 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2019.sep.07

Zeler, I., Oliveira, A., & Malaver, S. (2019). Communication management of Spanish wine companies in the main social networks. Revista Internacional de Relaciones Públicas, 9(18), 161-178. https://doi.org/10.5783/revrrpp.v9i18.617

Zeler, I., Oliveira Dos Santos, A., & Bosch Casellas, M. (2021). La comunicación de la responsabilidad social corporativa de las empresas españolas sostenibles del índice FTSE4Good IBEX : estudio de su información no financiera a partir de la Ley 11 / 2018, de 28 de diciembre. Comunicació: Revista de Recerca i d’Anàlisi, 38(2), 29-49. https://doi.org/10.2436/20.3008.01.208

Zhang, B., Veijalainen, J., & Kotkov, D. (2016). Volkswagen Emission Crisis – Managing Stakeholder Relations on the Web. Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Web Information Systems and Technologies, 1(Webist), 176-187. https://doi.org/10.5220/0005892401760187 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5220/0005892401760187

Published

18/03/2022

How to Cite

Zeler, I., Oliveira, A., & Triano Morales, R. (2022). Social Responsibility and Covid-19 health crisis: communication of Spanish energy companies on Twitter. Revista De Comunicación, 21(1), 451–468. https://doi.org/10.26441/RC21.1-2022-A23

Issue

Section

Papers