Femenine Stereotype in 140 Characters. Approach to the Hillary Clinton Campaign On Twitter
Keywords:
Stereotype, women, Hillary Clinton, TwitterAbstract
This research exposes the use of stereotype of women in the first month of campaign on former First Lady Hillary Clinton’s twitter account and how the candidate takes advantage of resources. After reviewing the 191 published from April 12 until May 12 2015, the tools used by the frontrunner and her staff while she seeks to earn the vote of the American citizens will be presented to the reader.
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References
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Argamon, S.; Koppel, M.; Fine, J. & Shimoni, A. (2003). Gender, genre, and writing style in formal written texts. Text, 23(3), 321-346.
Banwart, M. (2010). Gender and Candidate Communication: Effects of Stereotypes in the 2008 Election. American Behavioral Scientist, 54(3), 265-283.
Burrel, B. (2004). Women and Political Participation: A Reference Handbook. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO.
Cunha, E.; Magno, G.; Comarela, G.; Almeida, V.; Gonçalves, M. (2011). Analyzing the dynamic evolution of hashtags on Twitter: A language-based approach. Proceedings of the Workshop on Language in Social Media, 58-65.
Delli Carpini, M. (2000). GenCom: Youth, civic engagement, and the new information environment”. Political Communication, 17(4), 341-349.
Fridkin, K. (1993). Gender differences in campaign messages: The political advertisements of men and women candidates for U.S. Senate. Political Research Quarterly, 43 (3), 481-502.
Hirzalla, F., & Van Zoonen, L.(2011). Beyond the Online/Offline Divide. Convergence of Online and Offline Civic Activities among Youth. Social Science Compute Review, 29 (4), 481-498.
Huddy, L. & Terkildsen, N. (1993a). Gender Stereotypes and the Perception of Male and Female Candidates. American Journal of Political Science, 37 (1), 119-147.
Huddy, L. & Terkilsen, N. (1993b). The consequences of gender stereotypes for women candidates at different levels and types of office. Political Research Quarterly, 46 (3), 503-525.
Iyengar, S.; Valentino, N.; Ansolabehere, S. & Simon, A. (1997). Running as a woman: Gender stereotyping in political campaigns. En: Norris, Pippa (ed.). Women, Media, and Politics. New York: Oxford University Press.
Locksley, A.; Borgida, E.; Brekke, N. & Hepburn, C. (1980). Sex stereotypes and social judgment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39 (5), 821-831.
López-Hermida, A. (2006). Mujeres al poder: la reivindicación de los estereotipos. Nuevas Tendencias, 62, 3-14.
López-Hermida, A. (2007). El estereotipo de género en política. La imagen de la mujer candidata en las elecciones presidenciales chilenas 2005-06 y su continuidad en el primer año de gobierno de Michelle Bachelet. Tesis doctoral inédita. Universidad de Navarra. Pamplona, España.
López-Hermida, A. (2009). La imagen de la mujer en política: campaña electoral televisiva de Michelle Bachelet. Cuadernos de Información, 24(1), 5-16.
López-Hermida, A. (2011). Mujer y política desde la triangulación metodológica. Análisis de contenido de la campaña presidencial y del discurso de los medios durante el primer año de gobierno de la presidenta chilena Michelle Bachelet. Revista Chilena de Comunicación, 2, 63-79.
López-Hermida, A. (2013). El estereotipo de género como factor estratégico: comunicación política sin corbata. En Sanders, K. et al. Hacia una Profesionalización de la Comunicación Política en México. Retos y desafíos para conformar gobiernos cercanos a la sociedad. MAPorrúa, México, 57-113.
López-Hermida, A. y Cerda, F. (2012). Women and Politics: The privacy without necktie. Revista de Comunicación, 11, 196-211.
Montgomery, B. & Norton, R. (1981). Sex differences and similarities in communicator style. Communication Monographs, 48 (2), 121-132.
Rule, W. (1981). Why women don’t run: The critical contextual factors in women’s legislative recruitment. The Western Political Quarterly, 34 (1), 60-77.
Sanbonmatsu, K. (2002). Gender Stereotypes and Vote Choice. American Journal of Political Science, 46 (1), 20-34.
Trent, J. & Friedenberg, R. (1995). Political Campaign Communication: Principles and Practices. Preager: Westport.
Trent, J. & Sabourin, T. (1993). Sex still counts: Women’s use of televised advertising during the decade of the 80’s. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 21 (1), 21-40.
Vergeer, M.; Hermans, L. & Sams, S. (2011). Online social networks and micro-blogging in political campaigning. Party Politics 19(3), 477-501.
Zamora, R. & Zurutuza, C. (2014). Campaigning on Twitter: Towards the ‘Personal Style’ Campaign to Activate the Political Engagement During the 2011 Spanish General Elections. Comunicación y Sociedad. 27(1), 83 -106.
Argamon, S.; Koppel, M.; Fine, J. & Shimoni, A. (2003). Gender, genre, and writing style in formal written texts. Text, 23(3), 321-346.
Banwart, M. (2010). Gender and Candidate Communication: Effects of Stereotypes in the 2008 Election. American Behavioral Scientist, 54(3), 265-283.
Burrel, B. (2004). Women and Political Participation: A Reference Handbook. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO.
Cunha, E.; Magno, G.; Comarela, G.; Almeida, V.; Gonçalves, M. (2011). Analyzing the dynamic evolution of hashtags on Twitter: A language-based approach. Proceedings of the Workshop on Language in Social Media, 58-65.
Delli Carpini, M. (2000). GenCom: Youth, civic engagement, and the new information environment”. Political Communication, 17(4), 341-349.
Fridkin, K. (1993). Gender differences in campaign messages: The political advertisements of men and women candidates for U.S. Senate. Political Research Quarterly, 43 (3), 481-502.
Hirzalla, F., & Van Zoonen, L.(2011). Beyond the Online/Offline Divide. Convergence of Online and Offline Civic Activities among Youth. Social Science Compute Review, 29 (4), 481-498.
Huddy, L. & Terkildsen, N. (1993a). Gender Stereotypes and the Perception of Male and Female Candidates. American Journal of Political Science, 37 (1), 119-147.
Huddy, L. & Terkilsen, N. (1993b). The consequences of gender stereotypes for women candidates at different levels and types of office. Political Research Quarterly, 46 (3), 503-525.
Iyengar, S.; Valentino, N.; Ansolabehere, S. & Simon, A. (1997). Running as a woman: Gender stereotyping in political campaigns. En: Norris, Pippa (ed.). Women, Media, and Politics. New York: Oxford University Press.
Locksley, A.; Borgida, E.; Brekke, N. & Hepburn, C. (1980). Sex stereotypes and social judgment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39 (5), 821-831.
López-Hermida, A. (2006). Mujeres al poder: la reivindicación de los estereotipos. Nuevas Tendencias, 62, 3-14.
López-Hermida, A. (2007). El estereotipo de género en política. La imagen de la mujer candidata en las elecciones presidenciales chilenas 2005-06 y su continuidad en el primer año de gobierno de Michelle Bachelet. Tesis doctoral inédita. Universidad de Navarra. Pamplona, España.
López-Hermida, A. (2009). La imagen de la mujer en política: campaña electoral televisiva de Michelle Bachelet. Cuadernos de Información, 24(1), 5-16.
López-Hermida, A. (2011). Mujer y política desde la triangulación metodológica. Análisis de contenido de la campaña presidencial y del discurso de los medios durante el primer año de gobierno de la presidenta chilena Michelle Bachelet. Revista Chilena de Comunicación, 2, 63-79.
López-Hermida, A. (2013). El estereotipo de género como factor estratégico: comunicación política sin corbata. En Sanders, K. et al. Hacia una Profesionalización de la Comunicación Política en México. Retos y desafíos para conformar gobiernos cercanos a la sociedad. MAPorrúa, México, 57-113.
López-Hermida, A. y Cerda, F. (2012). Women and Politics: The privacy without necktie. Revista de Comunicación, 11, 196-211.
Montgomery, B. & Norton, R. (1981). Sex differences and similarities in communicator style. Communication Monographs, 48 (2), 121-132.
Rule, W. (1981). Why women don’t run: The critical contextual factors in women’s legislative recruitment. The Western Political Quarterly, 34 (1), 60-77.
Sanbonmatsu, K. (2002). Gender Stereotypes and Vote Choice. American Journal of Political Science, 46 (1), 20-34.
Trent, J. & Friedenberg, R. (1995). Political Campaign Communication: Principles and Practices. Preager: Westport.
Trent, J. & Sabourin, T. (1993). Sex still counts: Women’s use of televised advertising during the decade of the 80’s. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 21 (1), 21-40.
Vergeer, M.; Hermans, L. & Sams, S. (2011). Online social networks and micro-blogging in political campaigning. Party Politics 19(3), 477-501.
Zamora, R. & Zurutuza, C. (2014). Campaigning on Twitter: Towards the ‘Personal Style’ Campaign to Activate the Political Engagement During the 2011 Spanish General Elections. Comunicación y Sociedad. 27(1), 83 -106.
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Published
02/09/2019
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López-Hermida Russo, A., & Vallejo Hicil, M. F. (2019). Femenine Stereotype in 140 Characters. Approach to the Hillary Clinton Campaign On Twitter. Revista De Comunicación, 15(1), 48–69. Retrieved from https://revistadecomunicacion.com/article/view/1239
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