Desinformación electoral en Francia, España, Estados Unidos y Alemania: análisis comparado de sus rasgos, narrativas y difusión (2022–2025)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26441/RC25.2-2026-4460Palabras clave:
desinformación, elecciones, noticias falsas, credibilidad, inteligencia artificial, política, integridad de la información, redes socialesResumen
Propósito. Se explora de forma comparada las características de la desinformación electoral detectada en cuatro procesos electorales nacionales entre 2022 y 2025. Metodología. Se aplica un análisis de contenido a desmentidos publicados por plataformas de verificación de cada país estudiado acreditadas por la International Fact-Checking Network (n=304). Se pone el foco sobre los últimos comicios generales celebrados en Francia, España, Estados Unidos y Alemania. Todas las piezas fueron sometidas a una ficha de análisis estructurada en cuatro bloques. Resultados y conclusiones. Se constata un volumen significativamente superior de desinformación sobre las elecciones estadounidenses y se confirma la persistencia del fenómeno más allá de la jornada electoral. Predominan los hechos de invención absoluta (53,2%) y se observa una transición progresiva hacia formatos audiovisuales, así como una marcada personalización del relato y una elevada presencia de fuentes anónimas (59,9%). Los principales temas se centran en el fraude electoral (18,1%) y la organización de los comicios (21,9%). X y Facebook constituyen las principales vías de difusión, con diferencias relevantes entre países. Por su parte, el concurso de técnicas de IA para la construcción de estos mensajes se encuentra en una fase embrionaria (10,1%). La desinformación electoral constituye un problema estructural y en transformación que desafía la integridad democrática. Aportes originales. A partir de datos empíricos comparados, se identifican patrones transnacionales y generales en la arquitectura, narrativa, difusión y uso de la IA en la desinformación electoral, así como la persistencia de este fenómeno tras las votaciones.
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